Abrams, K., Harvell, J.D., Shriner, D., Wertz, P., Maibach, H., Maibach, H., and S.J. Rehfeld. Effect of Organic Solvents on In Vitro Human Skin Water Barrier Function J. Invest. Dermatol. 1993. 101: 609-613. [Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Science, Inc.]

chloroform - 67-66-3; methanol - 67-56-1; acetone - 67-64-1; hexane - 110-54-3

Skin barrier disruption caused by organic solvents to human cadaver dermatomed skin was evaluated using an in vitro model system. Resultant changes in transepidermal water loss (TEWL), as measured with an evaporimeter, were recorded after topical application of either acetone, chloroform:methanol 2:1, hexane, hexane:methanol 2:3, or the control, water, for exposure times of 1, 3, 6 and 12 min. The resultant lipid/solvent mixture was removed and analyzed for its lipid content. The ability of the different solvents to induce changes in the skin's barrier function was assessed by comparing pre- to post-solvent exposure TEWL. When compared to the controls, water and unexposed skin, chloroform:methanol 2:1 caused the greatest significant increase in TEWL, followed by hexane:methanol 2:3. Acetone and hexane showed no difference in TEWL from the controls. Besides solvent, exposure time was a significant independent variable for predicting change in TEWL, and the interaction of the two (exposure time and solvent type together) was the strongest predictor. Lipid analysis of the extracts revealed that all the solvents removed comparable quantities of the surface lipids (triglycerides, wax esters, squalene, cholesterol esters). Stratum corneum lipids--ceramides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol--extracted by chloroform:methanol 2:1 induced a significantly greater change in TEWL than hexane:methanol 2:3. Additionally, no individual lipid class extracted by either chloroform:methanol 2:1 or hexane:methanol 2:3 proved to be a significant or accurate variable for predicting change in TEWL. This suggests that the mechanism by which topical chloroform:methanol 2:1 and hexane:methanol 2:3 exposure induce a change in TEWL involves more than pure lipid extraction.