Vielen Dank to Wolfgang Pittermann and colleagues for providing the following references about the perfused bovine udder skin (BUS) model to invitroderm.com. Several abstracts are already on-site (note hyperlinks)...we hope to add many more. See Photo Gallery for photographs of this research methodology.

Beuscher, N., M. Kietzmann, E. Bien, and P. Champeroux. Interference of Myrtol Standardized with Inflammatory and Allergic Mediators. Arzneim.-Forsch./Drug Res. 1998. 48(II)(10): 985-989.

Forster, Th., B. Jackwerth, W. Pittermann, W. von Rybinski and M. Schmitt. Properties of Emulsions. Structure and Skin Penetration. Cosmetics and Toiletries 1997. 112(12): 73-82.

Forster, Th., W. Pittermann, M. Schmitt and M. Kietzmann. Skin Penetration Properties of Cosmetic Formulations. Abstract presented at XXth Congress IFSCC, Cannes, FRANCE, Sept. 14-18, 1998 and Perspectives in Percutaneous Penetration - 6^th International Conference (Leiden, Sept. 22-26, 1998).

Gassenmeier, Th., W. Pittermann, S. Nieveler, Th. Forster, and M. Kietzmann. Experimentally Induced Epidermal Barrier Perturbation: Measurement of Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL) using the Isolated Perfused Bovine Udder Skin (BUS) Model. Abstract presented at 3^Rd International Symposium on Cosmetic Efficacy, May 1998. Cologne, Germany.

Kietzmann, M., W. Loscher, D. Arens, P. Maas, and D. Lubach. The Isolated Perfused Bovine Udder as an In Vitro Model of Percutaneous Drug Absorption Skin Viability and Percutaneous Absorption of Dexamethasone, Benzoyl Peroxide, and Etofenamate. JPM 1993 30(2): 75-84.

Kietzmann, M., B. Wenzel, W. Loscher D. Lubach, B.W. Muller, and H. Blume. Absorption of Isosorbide Dinitrate after Administration as Spray, Ointment, and Microemulsion Patch. An In-Vitro Study Using the Isolated Perfused Bovine Udder. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1995. 47: 22-25.

Kietzmann, M. and B. Blume. Percutaneous Absorption of Betamethasone from Different Formulations Using the Isolated Perfused Bovine Udder. In Vitro Toxicol. 1997. 10(1): 11-15.

Kietzmann, M., M. Wolff, C. Arth, and P. Bonn. Obtaining Another Apparently Well-Known Result. The Predictive Value of an In Vitro Study of Dermal Absorption: Absorption of Estradiol-17-beta in the Isolated Perfused Bovine Udder. Perspectives in Percutaneous Penetration 1998. 6A: 79.

Kietzmann,, M., M. Wolff, K. Kluge, C. Arth, and R. Bonn. Study of Dermal Absorption: Absorption of Estradiol-17-Beta in the Isolated Perfused Bovine Udder. DGPT 1998. 3: 77-79.

Kohler, P., S. Borchert, R.-D. Petersen, M. Kietzmann, B. Blume, W. Baumer, and W.M. Itzel-Kietzmann. The Isolated Perfused Bovine Udder - A Model for Detection of UV-Induced Skin Damage. SOFW-Journal 1998. 124: 624-628.

Pittermann, W., M. Kietzmann, and B. Jackwerth. The Bovine Udder Skin Model. ALTEX 1995. 12/4: 63-68. (abridged).

Pittermann, W. The Isolated Perfused Bovine Udder Skin: A Natural In Vitro Skin Model. Skin Care Forum 1996. 15: 2-3.

Pittermann, W., B. Jackwerth, and M. Schmitt. The Isolated Perfused Bovine Udder Skin Model: A New In Vitro Model for the Assessment of Skin Penetration and Irritation. In Vitro Toxicol. 1997. 10(1): 17-21.

Pittermann, W., V. Horner and R. Wachter. Efficiency of High Molecular Weight Chitosan in Skin Care Applications. IN: Chitin Handbook. 1997. pgs. 361-371.

Pittermann, W., V. Horner, Th. Forster, M. Kietzmann. Use of Natural and Artificial Skin Models in Cosmetic Research. IN: SkinModels. (Lecture: IN-COSMETICS 1997, Dusseldorf, Germany).

Pittermann, W., M. Kietzmann, H.-U. Krachter, W. Holtmann, and A.H. Schoon. The Isolated Perfused Bovine Udder System (BUS): A New Natural In-Vitro Model for Mucous Membrane Compatibility. IN: The Ethics of Animal Experimentation. Ed. Philip N. O'Donoghue. Pgs. 265-266. 1998.